SARS-CoV-2 antibodies cross-react and enhance dengue infection (preprint)

Dengue disease is highly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. However, its pathogenesis is still incompletely understood, particularly in comparison to other endemic viruses. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a well-known phenomenon for dengue viruses. Given the recent surge in dengue cases and potential cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, this study explores the impact of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies on DENV-2 infection. The study assessed the cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with the DENV-2 Virus. Human convalescent plasma samples collected during different waves of COVID-19 and monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against SARS-CoV-2 were examined for their potential to cause ADE of DENV-2 infection using cell-based assays. The study found that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies acquired from natural infection in humans or through experimental immunization in animals were cross-reactive with DENV-2 and had the potential to enhance DENV-2 infection in K562 and U937 cells. In-silico and in-vitro studies indicated a strong interaction between SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and DENV-2 E-protein, providing a molecular basis for these findings. This study is the first to demonstrate that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies can cross-react with DENV-2 and can enhance its infection through ADE. These findings have implications for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development and deployment strategies in regions where dengue is endemic.

Bayesian Noise Modelling for State Estimation of the Spread of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia with Extended Kalman Filters.

The epistemic uncertainty in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) model-based predictions using complex noisy data greatly affects the accuracy of pandemic trend and state estimations. Quantifying the uncertainty of COVID-19 trends caused by different unobserved hidden variables is needed to evaluate the accuracy of the predictions for complex compartmental epidemiological models. A new approach for estimating the measurement noise covariance from real COVID-19 pandemic data has been presented based on the marginal likelihood (Bayesian evidence) for Bayesian model selection of the stochastic part of the Extended Kalman filter (EKF), with a sixth-order nonlinear epidemic model, known as the SEIQRD (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Quarantined-Recovered-Dead) compartmental model. This study presents a method for testing the noise covariance in cases of dependence or independence between the infected and death errors, to better understand their impact on the predictive accuracy and reliability of EKF statistical models. The proposed approach is able to reduce the error in the quantity of interest compared to the arbitrarily chosen values in the EKF estimation.

Governance response during COVID-19 and political affirmative action: evidence from local governments in India. (Special Issue: Local governments in pandemic response.)

A great deal of work argues that the entry of women into public spaces can promote political and institutional change. The COVID-19 provides an opportunity to investigate whether and under what conditions women's political representation in rural local governments deliver effective local governance? Drawing from two rounds of data collected in 174 local governments and 1051 households in three Indian states, the paper shows that women Pradhans in the Gram Panchayats had no differential impact on the governance response to COVID-19 compared to the unreserved ones. Analyzing the heterogeneity in these responses suggests that institutional factors like the proportion of women in village council and local entrepreneurship diversity can enhance women Pradhan's capacity to respond to the pandemic. We explore two channels that enable women Pradhan to govern effectively during the pandemic: improving women's participation in the labor force and reducing household's vulnerability to poverty in the pre-COVID period.

The status of COVID-19 vaccines in India: A review.

The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, an etiologic agent of the COVID-19 pandemic disease in late December 2019 has left the whole world aghast with huge health and economic losses. Due to a lack of specific knowledge and understanding at the initial stages, an unprecedented rise in COVID-19 cases has been recorded globally. Various preventive measures and strategies were implemented, however, for the radical control of SARS-CoV-2 infections; it seems that the only effective way to control the ongoing infections is large-scale vaccination. So far, WHO has approved 11 vaccines for emergency use namely Pfizer/BioNTech, Oxford/Astra Zeneca, Johnson and Johnson, Moderna, Covilo, Novavax, Covovax, Spikevax, Can Sino, Comirnaty, and Coronavac while five other needs approval. The worldwide vaccination dataset reveals that 65.7% of the world population has received their first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. As a consequence of the proactive implementation of India's vaccination program, a historical milestone of administering over 1.9 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been achieved on 19th May 2022. This review summarizes the different types of traditional and modern vaccine designing strategies with an emphasis on COVID-19. Moreover, the review highlights the status of vaccines for COVID-19 approved in India which includes both indigenous and non-indigenous vaccines. The present article also encompasses vaccine designing and developmental strategies, efficacy, safety profile and usage among the population, and the efficacy of modern vaccines over traditional ones.

El brote de SARS-CoV-2, un agente etiológico de la enfermedad pandémica COVID-19, a fines de diciembre de 2019, ha dejado al mundo entero horrorizado con enormes pérdidas económicas y de salud. Debido a la falta de conocimiento y comprensión específicos en las etapas iniciales, se ha registrado un aumento sin precedentes en los casos de COVID-19 a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, se implementaron diversas medidas y estrategias preventivas para el control radical de las infecciones por SARS-CoV-2; parece que la única forma eficaz de controlar las infecciones en curso es la vacunación a gran escala. Hasta el momento, la OMS ha aprobado 11 vacunas para uso de urgencia Pfizer/BioNTech, Oxford/Astra Zeneca, Johnson and Johnson, Moderna, Covilo, Novavax, Covovax, Spikevax, Can Sino, Comirnaty y Coronavac, mientras que otras cinco necesitan aprobación. El conjunto de datos de vacunación mundial revela que el 65,7% de la población mundial ha recibido su primera dosis de la vacuna COVID-19. Como consecuencia de la implementación proactiva del programa de vacunación de la India, el 19 de mayo de 2022 se logró un hito histórico de administrar más de 1900 millones de dosis de vacunas contra el COVID-19. Esta revisión resume los diferentes tipos de estrategias de diseño de vacunas tradicionales y modernas con énfasis sobre COVID-19. Además, la revisión destaca el estado de las vacunas para COVID-19 aprobadas en India, que incluye vacunas tanto indígenas como no indígenas. El presente artículo también abarca estrategias de diseño y desarrollo de vacunas, eficacia, perfil de seguridad y uso entre la población, y la eficacia de las vacunas modernas sobre las tradicionales.

Covid-19 Detection and Classification using Transfer learning with XGboost

The 2019 new corona virus (COVID-19), with a genesis phase in China, has dispersed apace amid individuals subsisting in distinct nations and is rising toward about twelve lakh cases in the balance as per the intuition of the European center for Health Security and Communicable diseases and ECDC. There is a foreordained figure of COVID-19 trial caskets attainable in medical centers because of the escalating cases in day-to-day life. In this way, it is important to execute a programmed location framework as a snappy elective conclusion alternative to forestall COVID-19 transmitting between peoples. In this examination, three disparate Convolutional neural system- based models (XGBOOST/LIGHTGBM, Inception-ResNetV2 and InceptionV3) have been put forward for the whereabouts of coronavirus and pneumonia contaminated convalescent by harnessing thoracic radiographic screening. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) investigations and disordered networks by those tripartite models are bestowed and deteriorated by exploiting 5-superimpose traverse accredit. Contemplating the demonstration outcome obtained, it is perceived that the pre- prepared XGBOOST/LIGHTGBM model accouters the most upraised characterization execution with 98.6% exactness amongst the other two propounded models (96% correctness for InceptionV3 and 85% exactness for Inception-ResNetV2). © 2023 IEEE.

The status of COVID-19 vaccines in India: A Review. El estado de las vacunas COVID-19 en India: Una revisión

The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, an etiologic agent of the COVID-19 pandemic disease in late December 2019 has left the whole world aghast with huge health and economic losses. Due to a lack of specific knowledge and understanding at the initial stages, an unprecedented rise in COVID-19 cases has been recorded globally. Various preventive measures and strategies were implemented, however, for the radical control of SARS-CoV-2 infections;it seems that the only effective way to control the ongoing infections is large-scale vaccination. So far, WHO has approved 11 vaccines for emergency use Pfizer/BioNTech, Oxford/Astra Zeneca, Johnson and Johnson, Moderna, Covilo, Novavax, Covovax, Spikevax, Can Sino, Comirnaty, and Coronavac while five other needs approval. The worldwide vaccination dataset reveals that 65.7% of the world population has received their first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. As a consequence of the proactive implementation of India's vaccination program, a historical milestone of administering over 1.9 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been achieved on 19th May 2022. This review summarizes the different types of traditional and modern vaccine designing strategies with an emphasis on COVID-19. Moreover, the review highlights the status of vaccines for COVID-19 approved in India which includes both indigenous and non-indigenous vaccines. The present article also encompasses vaccine designing and developmental strategies, efficacy, safety profile and usage among the population, and the efficacy of modern vaccines over traditional ones.

Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the mental health in sports: a review.

Global pandemic, lockdown restrictions, and COVID-19 compulsory social isolation guidelines have raised unprecedented mental health in the sports community. The COVID-19 pandemic is found to affect the mental health of the population. In critical situations, health authorities and sports communities must identify their priorities and make plans to maintain athletes' health and athletic activities. Several aspects play an important role in prioritization and strategic planning, e.g., physical and mental health, distribution of resources, and short to long-term environmental considerations. To identify the psychological health of sportspeople and athletes due to the outbreak of COVID-19 has been reviewed in this research. This review article also analyzes the impact of COVID-19 on health mental in databases. The COVID-19 outbreak and quarantine would have a serious negative impact on the mental health of athletes. From the accessible sources, 80 research articles were selected and examined for this purpose such as Research Gate, PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, and Web of Science and based on the involvement for this study 14 research articles were accessed. This research has an intention on mental health issues in athletes due to the Pandemic. This report outlines the mental, emotional and behavioural consequences of COVID-19 home confinement. Further, research literature reported that due to the lack of required training, physical activity, practice sessions, and collaboration with teammates and coaching staff are the prime causes of mental health issues in athletes. The discussions also reviewed several pieces of literature which examined the impacts on sports and athletes, impacts on various countries, fundamental issues of mental health and the diagnosis for the sports person and athletes, and the afterlife of the COVID-19 pandemic for them. Because of the compulsory restrictions and guidelines of this COVID-19 eruption, the athletes of different sports and geographical regions are suffering from fewer psychological issues which were identified in this paper. Accordingly, the COVID-19 pandemic appears to negatively affect the mental health of the athletes with the prevalence and levels of anxiety and stress increasing, and depression symptoms remaining unaltered. Addressing and mitigating the negative effect of COVID-19 on the mental health of this population identified from this review.

Genome sequence analysis of nsp15 from SARS-CoV-2

SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), a causative agent of COVID-19 disease created a pandemic situation worldwide. Nsp15 is a uridine specific endoribonuclease encoded by the genome of SARS-CoV-2. It plays important role in processing viral RNA and, thus evades the host immune system. Therefore, it is of interest to identify mutants of nsp15 amongst Asian SARS-CoV-2 isolates, where a total of 1795 mutations, from 7793 sequences of Asia submitted till 31st January 2022, amongst which A231V, H234Y, K109N, K259R and S261A mutations were found frequent. Hence, we report data on the predicted secondary structure of wild type form followed by hydropathy plot, physiochemical properties, Ramachandran plot, B-cell epitopes prediction and protein modeling of wild type and mutant of nsp15 protein. Data shows that nsp15 of SARS-CoV-2 is a pontential candidate for the development of vaccine to control the infections of SARS-CoV-2.

Valorisation of hazardous medical waste using steam injected plasma gasifier: a parametric study on the modelling and multi-objective optimisation by integrating Aspen plus with RSM.

The COVID-19 Pandemic has a detrimental effect on the environment related to the exponential rise in medical waste (MW). Extraction of energy from the toxic MW with the latest gasification technology instead of conventional incineration is of utmost importance to promote sustainable development. This present study investigates the processing of MW for the generation of enriched hydrogen syngas using steam injected plasma gasifier. Modelling of Plasma gasifier was performed in Aspen Plus and Model validation was done with the experimental result and, a good agreement was attained. Sensitivity analysis was implemented on MW in which the influence of gasification temperature, equivalence ratio (ER), and Steam/Biomass (S/B) on the producer gas (PG) composition, gas yield, H2/CO ratio, cold gas efficiency (CGE), and the higher heating value (HHV) was calculated. Furthermore, Response surface methodology (RSM) has been incorporated for the multi-objective optimisation of the variable gasification parameters. R2 values obtained from ANOVA for H2, CGE, and HHV are 98.62%, 99.10%, and 98.9% respectively. Using the response optimiser, the optimum values of H2, CGE, and HHV were found to be 0.43 (mole frac), 89.95%, and 7.49 MJ/Nm3 for temperature at 1560.60°C, equivalence ratio 0.1, and S/B 0.99, respectively. The observed coefficient of desirability was about 0.97.

Hit or miss: The Dilemma of Specimen Selection for Microbiological Diagnosis of Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral- COVID-Associated Mucormycosis (ROCM-CAM).

BACKGROUND: We diagnosed various cases of rhino-orbital-cerebral- COVID-associated Mucormycosis (ROCM-CAM) during India's second wave of COVID-19. This helped formulate novel suggestions for improving laboratory output, applicable anywhere in the world. METHOD: To diagnose ROCM-CAM by microbiological methods, we used direct microscopy and conventional culture on various clinical samples within the shortest turn-around time. DESIGN: Prospective single-center observational study Participants: patients with ROCM-CAM Results: Of 113 suspected cases of ROCM-CAM during May 2021, direct microscopy and culture could confirm the disease in 87.61% and 44.25% of patients, respectively. The highest pathogen isolation was seen from maxillary bone fragments, FESS-guided biopsy from pterygopalatine fossae, nasal turbinates and nasal mucosal biopsy. Direct microscopy could diagnose the disease in almost 40% of patients within 24 hours and 60% within two days. Conventional cultures yielded Rhizopus spp. (86%) as the commonest fungal pathogen followed by Mucor spp. (12%) within 7 days. Deep tissue biopsies are more useful for rapid diagnosis than superficial specimens. Routine fungal cultures can supplement case detection and help prognosticate survivors. CONCLUSION: The management of ROCM is a surgical emergency. The diagnosis of the condition must therefore be prompt and precise. Despite ongoing antifungal therapy, nasal mucosal tissue, FESSguided, and intra-operative tissue biopsies showed the pathogen's highest diagnostic yield. The diagnostic index improved further when multiple (4-5) high-quality specimens were collected. Nasal swabs and crusts, among the most commonly requested specimens worldwide, were found to have an overall low diagnostic potential.

Radiotherapy in COVID-19: a review

The World Health Organization (WHO) stated the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) a global pandemic on 11th March 2020. The virus-infected patients suffered from a respiratory disease called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SAR-CoV-2). A proteinaceous exudate, alveolar edema, and hyperplasia associated with monocytes and lymphocytes alveolar inflammatory infiltration was observed in the affected patient's lungs. Virus broadens a systemic inflammatory reaction with a cytokine release syndrome which is characterized with the aid of using unexpected growth in many pro-inflammatory cytokines especially IL-6, IL-1, and TNF-a through activated M1 macrophage phenotype. Virus block IL-6 with tocilizumab and the usage of respirator device appears to be very vital. Radioactivity is the process by which unstable atomic nucleus losses energy by radiation, mainly using alpha, beta, and gamma rays. SARS-CoV-2 affected lungs can be treated by a low dose of radiotherapy. It was found that minute dose chest radiation therapy can be able to wean patients off a ventilator as it can reduce inflammation inside the lungs of severely infected COVID-19 patients. Numerous such clinical trials are underway and researchers may work to cure the COVID-19 lung infections by radiotherapy.

Impact of COVID-19 on peripheral stem cell collection and preservation at a hematopoietic cell transplant center in India: Experience 2020

The prevailing corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has adversely affected the healthcare services globally. Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is considered as the preferred treatment option for several hematological malignancies, and HPC collection facilities have to function continuously along with implementing safety measures. Based on the national and international guidelines, we implemented additional measures and modifications to our standard operating procedure (SOP) to ensure secure HPC collection from patients as well as donors. Here, we report our experience with HPC collection and processing from 1st January, 2020 until 31st December, 2020. We collected 59 HPC products through apheresis and 41 cryopreservation procedures. Compared to 2019, there was a 33% decrease in the number of HPC transplants and 31% reduction in HPC collection procedures. However, we report an 86% (13 procedures) increase in the cryopreservation of HPC products from related donors, as several organizations recommend cryopreservation of HPC products. We report our institutional experience to better understand the impact of COVID-19 on HCT services in a tertiary care center in the developing world. It may also help in being prepared for any future waves of COVID-19 cases.

Ultrasound assisted Cu-catalyzed Ullmann-Goldberg type coupling-cyclization in a single pot: Synthesis and in silico evaluation of 11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-11-ones against SARS-CoV-2 RdRp.

The in silico evaluation of 11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-11-one derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 RdRp was undertaken based on the reports on antiviral activities of this class of compounds in addition to the promising interactions of the antiviral drug penciclovir as well as quinazoline derivatives with SARS-CoV-2 RdRp in silico. The target compounds were prepared via an Ullmann-Goldberg type coupling followed by the subsequent cyclization (involving amidation) in a single pot. The methodology involved a CuI-catalyzed reaction of 2-iodobenzoate ester with 2-aminopyridine or quinolin-2-amine or thiazol-2-amine under ultrasound to give the expected products in acceptable (51-93%) yields. The molecular interactions of the synthesized 11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-11-one derivatives with the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp (PDB: 7AAP) were evaluated in silico. The study suggested that though none of these compounds showed interactions better than penciclovir but the compound 3a and 3n appeared to be comparable along with 3b seemed to be nearly comparable to favipiravir and remdesivir. The compound 3n with the best binding energy (-79.85 Kcal/mol) participated in the H-bond interactions through its OMe group with THR556 as well as ARG624 and via the N-5 atom with the residue SER682. The in silico studies further suggested that majority of the compounds interacted with the main cavity of active site pocket whereas 3h and 3o that showed relatively lower binding energies (-66.06 and -66.28 Kcal/mol) interacted with the shallow cavity underneath the active site of SARS CoV-2 RdRp. The study also revealed that a OMe group was favourable for interaction with respect to its position in the order C-8 > C-1 > C-2. Further, the presence of a fused quinoline ring was tolerated whereas a fused thiazole ring decreased the interaction significantly. The in silico predictions of pharmacokinetic properties of 3a, 3b and 3n indicated that besides the BBB (Blood Brain Barrier) penetration potential these molecules may show a good overall ADME. Overall, the regioisomers 3a, 3b and 3n have emerged as molecules of possible interest in the context of targeting COVID-19.

Disruptions in Accessing Women's Health Care Services: Evidence Using COVID-19 Health Services Disruption Survey.

INTRODUCTION: The world is experiencing the Coronavirus pandemic and the aftermath consequences leading to lockdown and travel restrictions. The pandemic has brought a far-reaching impact on various sectors, including the economic, and health sectors. Therefore, this study analyses the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the disruption - in accessing family planning measures i.e. contraception facilities; and in seeking help from women organizations for health services. METHODS: This study has used the COVID-19 health services disruption survey-2020 and data was obtained from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. This survey was conducted in 76 countries using the smartphone-based premise data collection platform. Respondents were individual members of the general population ages 15-49 years who were identified as women. Data were collected from 12,354 respondents. Our data analysis has been done on both aggregate samples as well as region-wise samples (i.e. Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America & the Caribbean) to assess the change in levels of service delivery in both pre-COVID and post-COVID periods. RESULTS: Descriptive statistics results shows that two particular reasons - unable to access due to lockdown restrictions (5.4%), and fear of being infected with COVID-19 (9.7%) were reported as mostly impacting the access to contraception facilities due to lockdown restriction. Further, the logit regression using socio-economic and demographic variables suggests that geographical location (rural), and poor financial status turned out negative and significant, showing higher odds of facing difficulty than the reference category for the aggregate sample. The region-wise analysis suggests that Europe and Asia are the regions with the highest percentage of respondents reporting unavailability of services during COVID-19. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that pandemic-related emergencies affect the health care system, especially women-related health care services. The implication of our study indicates the requirement of a supply chain strategy for managing health care demand during emerging situations. So, the disruptions and bottlenecks in health care facilities should be addressed by various governments through appropriate policies and interventions.

A Golden Age: Conspiracy Theories' Relationship with Misinformation Outlets, News Media, and the Wider Internet (preprint)

Do we live in a "Golden Age of Conspiracy Theories?" In the last few decades, conspiracy theories have proliferated on the Internet with some having dangerous real-world consequences. A large contingent of those who participated in the January 6th attack on the US Capitol fervently believed in the QAnon conspiracy theory. In this work, we study the relationships amongst five prominent conspiracy theories (QAnon, COVID, UFO/Aliens, 9/11, and Flat-Earth) and each of their respective relationships to the news media, both authentic news and misinformation. Identifying and publishing a set of 755 different conspiracy theory websites dedicated to our five conspiracy theories, we find that each set often hyperlinks to the same external domains, with COVID and QAnon conspiracy theory websites having the largest amount of shared connections. Examining the role of news media, we further find that not only do outlets known for spreading misinformation hyperlink to our set of conspiracy theory websites more often than authentic news websites but also that this hyperlinking increased dramatically between 2018 and 2021, with the advent of QAnon and the start of COVID-19 pandemic. Using partial Granger-causality, we uncover several positive correlative relationships between the hyperlinks from misinformation websites and the popularity of conspiracy theory websites, suggesting the prominent role that misinformation news outlets play in popularizing many conspiracy theories.

Ensuring safety from COVID-19 in arthroscopic surgery

In the current time of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, orthopedic procedures have been shelved and guidelines to establish the safety of medical professionals and patients are still evolving. Although sports injuries are not life threatening, a spectrum of these injuries requires urgent intervention. To ensure the safety of medical professionals and patients of sports injuries in COVID times, the following guidelines are suggested. Such surgery needs to be performed only in COVID-free facility (green zone). Patients from red zone and containment zone should be avoided. Young, fit individuals without medical comorbidities should be considered. Wherever possible, regional anesthesia should be used. As COVID virus is present in all body fluids, aerosol generation (coughing, sneezing, intubation, use of power instruments, and cautery) should be minimized. Operation theater (OT) should be fumigated on the prior night and ideally between the cases. The number of cases per OT should be kept under three to get adequate time in-between for sterilization. The ventilation setup of OT should be negative pressure in addition to positive pressure. If there are hindrances in setting up negative pressure, a simple exhaust can be added to the existing setup. The ventilation system should ideally provide more than 20 air changes per hour. During surgery, movement of doors of OT and OT personnel should be minimal so as to minimize the air turbulence and eddy current. This will reduce the risk of infection. Surgical team should wear personal protective equipment (PPE) and helmet hood to reduce the chances of respiratory droplet infection. The doffing of helmet and PPE should be done with utmost care and should be discarded in a chloro-derivate solution. The motorized drill used for surgical procedure should be used at low revolution per minute (RPM). Usage of sterile transparent polythene hood while irrigating during drilling and sequential drilling will help in minimizing aerosol generation. Spillage of arthroscopic fluid should be avoided at all times. These basic norms will minimize the chance of accidental spread of COVID.

Rejuvenating impact of COVID-19 lockdown on major environmental parameters: an Indian perspective

The recent coronavirus outbreak caused severe impact on the life of people. Despite of several health and economic losses, COVID-19 pandemic induced lockdown proved to be a boon for the environment. This review highlights the positive impact of COVID-19 induced lockdown on the environment;enumerating its effect on air quality indices, water quality indices, wildlife and noise pollution, therefore, focussing on the brighter side of the effects of lockdown. Notably, in India, rivers like Ganga and Yamuna showed a drastic reduction in water pollutant levels. For the first time in a generation, the Himalayas were visible from various parts of India. The amount of waste generated also showed a decline during the lockdown, and wildlife was seen blooming. During the lockdown period temperature levels were also recorded low as compared to 2019 between March to June. Hence, this review emphasizes the beneficial impacts of lockdown on different pollution parameters as well as wildlife in India.

Evolution and trends in consumer behaviour: Insights from journal of consumer behaviour

The way consumers behave is fundamental to marketing. Journal of Consumer Behaviour (JCB) is an international journal dedicated to publishing the latest developments of consumer behaviour. To gain an understanding of the evolution and trends in consumer behaviour, this study presents a retrospective review of JCB using bibliometric analysis. Using bibliographic records of JCB from Scopus, this study finds that consumer behaviour research in JCB has grown substantially in terms of collaboration (co-authorships), global reach (countries), productivity (publications), and impact (citations). The major themes explored by consumer behaviour research in JCB include consumer information processing, consumption communities, consumption value, sustainable consumption, intergenerational consumer behaviour, consumer-brand relationship, consumer ethics, and conditional relationships in consumer behaviour. The most recent consumer behaviour research in JCB has considered externalities such as the COVID-19 pandemic and focused on themes such as consumer ethics and sustainable consumption in line with the global movement toward environmental social governance (ESG) and sustainable development goals (SDGs). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Proinflammatory Innate Cytokines and Distinct Metabolomic Signatures Shape the T Cell Response in Active COVID-19.

The underlying factors contributing to the evolution of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses during COVID-19 infection remain unidentified. To address this, we characterized innate and adaptive immune responses with metabolomic profiling longitudinally at three different time points (0-3, 7-9, and 14-16 days post-COVID-19 positivity) from young, mildly symptomatic, active COVID-19 patients infected during the first wave in mid-2020. We observed that anti-RBD IgG and viral neutralization are significantly reduced against the delta variant, compared to the ancestral strain. In contrast, compared to the ancestral strain, T cell responses remain preserved against the delta and omicron variants. We determined innate immune responses during the early stage of active infection, in response to TLR 3/7/8-mediated activation in PBMCs and serum metabolomic profiling. Correlation analysis indicated PBMCs-derived proinflammatory cytokines, IL-18, IL-1ß, and IL-23, and the abundance of plasma metabolites involved in arginine biosynthesis were predictive of a robust SARS-CoV-2-specific Th1 response at a later stage (two weeks after PCR positivity). These observations may contribute to designing effective vaccines and adjuvants that promote innate immune responses and metabolites to induce a long-lasting anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response.

Parsonage-Turner Syndrome Following Covishield (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Vaccination: A Case Report.

Parsonage-Turner Syndrome (PTS) is a rare neurological disorder involving brachial plexus and periscapular muscles following viral infection, surgery, and vaccination. We hereby describe the first case of PTS from India following Covishield (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) COVID-19 vaccination. A 21-year-old healthy male presented to us with complaints of pain and weakness in the right shoulder five weeks after Covishield vaccination on the contralateral deltoid. There was no history of injury or constitutional symptoms. On examination, hyperalgesia over the area innervated by the axillary nerve and wasting of the deltoid, supra, and infraspinatus muscles were noted. An MRI scan of the shoulder, cervical spine, and brachial plexus neurogram were normal. Decreased motor amplitude in right axillary and musculocutaneous nerve was recorded in the nerve conduction study (NCS). High titers of SARS-COV-2 IgG neutralizing antibodies were noted after a single dose of vaccination and SARS CoV-2 IgM antibodies were negative. Having been diagnosed with post-vaccination PTS, the right shoulder was splinted and an intravenous injection of 1g methylprednisolone was administered for three days followed by oral steroids for three weeks. NCS and electromyography at 10 weeks showed insignificant differences between the two sides suggesting early neurological recovery. Currently, the patient is being followed up regularly for complete neurological recovery. PTS is a known side effect of vaccination. We report the index case of PTS following the administration of Covishield vaccination from India to aid in early diagnosis and management, further evaluation, and public health safety.